Environmental analyses

The Swedish EPA has estimated that there might be around 2000 local sources of PFAS in SE (NV 6709). Sources that can contribute to soil and water contamination. Firefighting training sites and sites where AFFF (aqueous film forming foam) has been used are typically mentioned but there are also other sources such as landfills, waste water treatment plants (WWTP) and industries where PFAS has been used (e.g. textile, pulp and paper; NV6871) that could be relevant. These polluted sites/sources may pose a threat to drinking water, both private wells and water works. Since 2013, PFOS is one of the priority substances in the EU Water Framework Directive and in the current revised proposal the number of PFAS is extended to 24. This will apply also to groundwater in the, at the same time, revised groundwater directive (GWD). Moreover, consumption of fish from affected lakes and streams or locally grown produce may cause further health risks. Also for biota in the new proposed WFD the number of PFAS is extended to 24 and the EQS (Env. Quality Standard) is substantially lowered (see “PFAS legislation” for more info). 

Besides water, the work on risk assessment and remediation of PFAS contaminated land is becoming more intense. Guideline values for soil are being introduced in a growing number of countries e.g. SE, DK, NO and NL. The lack of remedial techniques has hampered actions, but now more and more techniques are becoming available, both old ones that have been modified and new ones. In addition, other environmental solids such as sludge and sediments are coming into focus.